Tolkien the latter two were members of the Inklings, an informal Oxford literary group in the mid-20th century. Among the many notable writers associated with the university are Lewis Carroll, C.S. Asquith, Clement Atlee, Anthony Eden, Harold Macmillan, Edward Heath, Harold Wilson, and Margaret Thatcher. Prime ministers who studied at Oxford include William Pitt the Elder, George Canning, Sir Robert Peel, William Gladstone, Lord Salisbury, H.H. The astronomer Edmond Halley studied at Oxford, and the physicist Robert Boyle performed his most important research there. Oxford has been associated with many of the greatest names in British history, from John Wesley and Cardinal Wolsey to Oscar Wilde and Sir Richard Burton and Cecil Rhodes and Sir Walter Raleigh. The Oxford University Press, established in 1478, is one of the largest and most prestigious university publishers in the world. Oxford houses two renowned scholarly institutions, the Bodleian Library and the Ashmolean Museum of Art and Archaeology, as well as the Museum of the History of Science (established 1924). Postgraduate studies also expanded greatly in the 20th century. Science came to be taken much more seriously and professionally, and many new faculties were added, including ones for modern languages and economics. In the 20th century Oxford’s curriculum was modernized. The first women’s college at Oxford, Lady Margaret Hall, was founded in 1878, and women were first admitted to full membership in the university in 1920. In the 19th century the university’s enrollment and its professorial staff were greatly expanded. Since that time Oxford has traditionally held the highest reputation for scholarship and instruction in the classics, theology, and political science. During the Renaissance, Desiderius Erasmus carried the new learning to Oxford, and such scholars as William Grocyn, John Colet, and Sir Thomas More enhanced the university’s reputation. And in the latter part of the 17th century, interest in scientific studies increased substantially. In the early 16th century, professorships began to be endowed. The university’s statutes were codified by its chancellor, Archbishop William Laud, in 1636. In 1571 an act of Parliament led to the incorporation of the university.
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